Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: Theory and Applications

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy conjecture and ApplicationsCognitive Behavioural Therapy AssessmentIntroduction Definition of Cognitive conductal TherapyThe term Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) covers a trope of techniques of spoken interactive therapy which be considered useful in helping people solve life problems much(prenominal)(prenominal) as anguish, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and various addictive problems. (Beck A T 2005)Basic theoretical principlesCognitive behavioural therapy has arisen as a hybrid therapy combining the elements of cognitive therapy, which was origin all toldy conceived and developed to assist in changing dysfunctional beliefs, thoughts, attitudes, and expectations, and behavioural therapy (which is referred to as behaviourism) which was originally developed to kind how people acted in response to various stimuli.Influential authorities such as Beck suggested that how i thinks about a situation come ups how one acts and ou r actions determine how one thinks and feels. (Beck A T et al. 1979). This therapy terminateeavours to channel elements of thinking (cognition) and behaviour unneurotic in order to achieve its beneficial effect on smellings.The therapy is establish on an assumption that feelings and behaviour patterns such as anxiousness and evasion behaviours are related to the development of maladaptive beliefs and their related thought processes in an individual. Therapy is based on a series of collaborative interactions betwixt the affected role and the therapist in conjunction with specific cognitive and behavioural techniques such as Socratic dialogue, monitoring of beliefs, activity monitoring and scheduling, analysing advantages and disadvantages of avoidance, graded picture show assignments, behavioural experiments and role-play. The exact form of the therapy will depend on the instauration of the patient and the professional expertise of the therapist. (Hobbis I C A et al. 2005) draft overview of the evidence base to support CBTThere are two fundamental issues here. In order to define the evidence base for Cognitive behavioural therapy, one has to define the condition for which it is said to be efficacious. In the scope of this essay, one quarter specifically consider Cognitive behavioural therapy in the area of fretting treatment. A good place to start is the subscribe to by Stanley (Stanley M A et al. 2003). This was a small retrospective vignette which Cognitive behavioural therapy was contrasted with usual care and demonstrated a carry statistically signifi burnt advantage in the Cognitive behavioural therapy convocation on a broad battery of perplexity measurement tools. This correlates head with other findings from larger studies (viz Wetherell J L et al. 2005) and the meta analysis by Pinquart (Pinquart M et al. 2007)Principles and practices of CBT assessmentRole and purpose of CBT assessment process related to applicable theory described previously.Describe the different stages of CBT assessment process.There are a number of different assessment stupefys. For an illustrative example one can use the Williams Garland model (Williams C et al. 2002). This model uses quintet discrete areas of assessment which are described as- ara 1 Situation, relationships and practical problems For example, Debts, hovictimization or other difficulties. Patients may feed problems in relationships with family, friends, colleagues, etc. Life events such as deaths, redundancy, divorce, court appearances may all be germane(predicate).Area 2 Altered thinkingAn exploration of the distinctive characteristics of dysfunctional thinking that are popularly found in anxiety and depressive states, for example patients may display an mogul to overlook their strengths and become truly self-critical. Patients will often unhelpfully dwell on past, current or future problems they put a negative slant on things, using a negative mental filter that focuses only on their difficulties and failures. They can catastrophise events and will typically mind-read and second-guess that others think badly of them, rarely checking whether this is true. (after Whitfield G et al. 2003)Area 3 Altered emotions There are a number of altered emotional states commonly found in anxiety states which can include feelings of anxiety, stress, worry, fear, panic and being hassled. Guilt, anger and irritability are common as are shame and embarrassment.Area 4 Altered personal symptomsThere is a wide variety of symptoms commonly found in anxiety related conditions and these can include restlessness and an inability to relax, feeling of tension, shakiness or unsteadiness when standing, insomnia, palpitations and feelings of depersonalisation.Area 5 Altered behaviourIn anxiety states one of the commonest symptoms is avoidance behaviour which can ordinarily be elicited by asking the question What things wee-wee you stop doing since you started feeling a nxious?Define and describe role and purpose of preparedness in CBT assessmentThere are two major reasons for this pillowcase of assessment. Firstly it serves as a guide for the practitioner to determine the rival of the anxiety (or depression) on the patients overall subjective receive and thereby define goals and targets. Secondly it is helpful for the patient. The Five areas assessment model is easily grasped and at a lower placestood by patients and thereby allows for an understanding of the effects that their anxiety state has on them. Often the act of writing down their symptoms under the headings allows for a degree of emotional distance which allows a patient the ability to examine their symptoms more objectively.Discuss the role and purpose of measurement in CBT model including psychometric and ideographic measures and problem and target statementsInclude relevant references and appendices (e.g. examples of measures)The academic determination of the evidence base for Co gnitive behavioural therapy is eventually based on studies that have measured the degree of response to the intervention. To this end there are a number of tools available for measurement. A relatively new tool that has been described in the literature is the Questionnaire on restraint Expectancies in Psychotherapy, (Jennings S 2008) which quantifies the degree to which indebtedness for change is shared between therapist and patient. Other older tools include the state trait anxiety inventory, the graphic anxiety scale, the hospital anxiety and depression scale, and the anxiety-defining characteristics tool (Chuldham C M et al. 2008)Engagement issuesEngagement with the patient can be a complex matter. A brief overview of the literature on the subject suggests that studies that have shown a poor patient response to Cognitive behavioural therapy have identified one of the causes to be inadequate expectancies of the patient specifically regarding the responsibility and the mechanis ms of therapeutic change. Responsibility can be assigned to the therapist alternatively than the patient. In this respect, assessing control beliefs specific to the context of the psychotheraputic approach and specifically linking them to the judge therapy outcome can help highlight this specific aspect.References Beck A T (2005) The Current State of Cognitive Therapy A 40 Year ex post facto Arch Gen psychiatry, September 1, 2005 62 (9) 953 959.Beck A T, Rush A J, Shaw B F, Emery G (1979) Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York, Guilford, 1979Chuldham C M. Cunningham G, Hiscock M, Luscombe P (2008) Assessment of anxiety in hospital patients Journal of Advanced Nursing Vol 22 yield 1 Pg 87 93 208Hobbis I C A, Sutton S (2005) Are Techniques Used in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Applicable to Behaviour heighten Interventions Based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour? Journal of wellness Psychology, Vol. 10, No. 1, 7 18 (2005)Jennings S (2008) Perceived responsibility for cha nge as an outcome predictor in Cognitive behavioural therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, Volume 47, Number 3, September 2008 , pp. 281 293(13)Pinquart M, Duberstein P R (2007) Treatment of Anxiety ails in Older Adults A Meta-analytic Comparison of behavioural and Pharmacological Interventions. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, August 1, 2007 15 (8) 639 651.Stanley M A, Hopko D R, Diefenbach G J, Bourland S L, Rodriguez H, Wagener P, (2003) CognitiveBehavior Therapy for Late-Life Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Primary Care Preliminary Findings Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 11 92 96, February 2003Wetherell J L, Gatz M, Craske M G (2005) Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in older adults. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, June 1, 2005 18 (2) 72 82.Whitfield G, Williams C (2003) The evidence base for cognitive-behavioural therapy in depression tar in busy clinical settings. Advan. Psychiatr. Treat., January 1, 2003 9 (1) 21 30.Williams C, Garland A (2002) A cognitivebehavi oural therapy assessment model for use in everyday clinical practice. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment (2002) 8 172 17926.08.2008 parole count 1,439 PDG