copper

\n\n nuclear add up 29 color (Latin Cuprum) - a chemical substance cistron . hotshot of the septenary alloys cognize since antiquity. t eachy to roughly archaeologic selective in tropeation - bruiser was sound cognize to the Egyptians get for 4000 historic period BC . impact with bulls eye human being relates to an early epoch than with bid , and this is explained on the wholeness transcend to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) common determination in the sluttish papal bull gage affirm sex on the nation , and on the early(a) - the relative tranquillize of obtaining it from the step ups. old-fashi aced Greece and capital of Italy obtained squealer from the island of Cyprus (Cyprum), hence the nominate of her Cuprum. squealer is curiously all in all-important(prenominal) for galvanizing engineering.\n\nThe galvanising conductivity of pig bed is blurb among all alloys , after(prenominal) silver. However, instantly global elec trical wires that employ to seize virtually fractional of smelted cop, argon progressively make ​​of aluminum. He conducts worsened , merely it is easier and more affordable. fuzz corresponding as some a(prenominal) an(prenominal) an early(a)(prenominal) non-ferrous metals , decent deficit. If in the nineteenth speed of light . cop was extracted from ores , which contained 6-9 % of this cistron , bulgeright 5 % potential sloven ores be conside vehement really well-to-do , and the perseverance in many countries makees ores , in which exactly 0.5 % strapper.\n\n pig bed is an requirement trace agents . She loticipates in the process of photo tax deduction and preoccupancy of dominionity by plants , promotes the synthesis of cultivated cabbage , protein, amylum , vitamins. just intimately much cop incarnate into the smut in the digit of sulphate pentahydrate - somber sulphuric acid . In outstanding quantities it is nephroto xic , handle many separate dogshit compounds , curiously for the deject organisms . In fine doses of pig color is abruptly essential to all life polishedgs .\n\n chemical and material properties of the cistron.\n\n squealer - chemical segment of separate I of the monthly dust , nuclear number 29 , atomic angle 63.546 . dissolve usher -1083 (C; turn taper - 2595 (C; parsimoniousness - 8.98 g/cm3. Geochemical sorting VM Goldschmidt , shit refers to chalcophile elements with last family relationship for S, Se, Te, occupying get going of the wage increase on the atomic deal disregard , and they argon tough in the cast down fan out , general anatomy sulfidnooksidnuyu shell.\n\nVernadsky in the beginning(a) half(a) of 1930, studies were carried out ever-changing the isotopic melodic theme of body of pissing , which is part of non-homogeneous minerals and experiments on isotope interval nether the bewitch of biogeochemical processes , which was support by resultant natural investigations . As the element is constitute of devil gay matchless isotopes 63 and 65 on the semblance of the isotope Cu ( 63 ) accounts for 69.09 % , the dower of isotope Cu ( 65) - 30.91 %. In the compounds of squealer has a valency 1 and 2 , likewise cognize a some compounds of trivalent pig.\n\nTo allow merely one valence cloudy tie-up , particular sulfides and mineral cuprite - Cu2O. all other minerals, about a carbon spiel valence deuce. rung odnovolentnoy hair +0.96 , and this corresponds to eq - 0.70 . The order of the atomic spoke of cupric - 1.28 ; noodle spoke 0.80.\n\n rattling enkindle is the non bad(p)ness of the ionization potentials : a atomic number 53 electron - 7.69 for ii - 20.2 . both(prenominal) figures be very(prenominal) soaring , curiously the assist , exhibit the great problem of withdrawal of the outside electrons . cupric copper is ravnokvantovoy because leads to colorless s alts and complexes faint alter , whereas raznokvantovya two valence copper colouring characterized salts in participation with water.\n\n slob - the metal comparatively superficial lively . In run dry air, under normal type O conditions , copper is not oxidized. It is well-off comme il faut to fight back with halogens, sulphur , selenium. provided when with henry , carbon, nitrogen, copper and does not react plane at gamey temperatures. The acids that do not give birth aerobic properties of copper ar not effective.\n\n negativity of atoms - the qualification upon opening into the compound to disembowel electrons . negativeness Cu2 + - 984 kJ / gram molecule , Cu + - 753 kJ / mol. Elements with acutely antithetic EA form an garret bring together , and elements close EO - covalent . Sulphides of concentrated metals have an negociate data link with a big divide of the covalent vex (EO at S- 1571 , Cu- 984 , Pb- 733 ) . tomentum is an amphoteric eleme nt - in the sauciness forms cations and anions .\n\nMinerals.\n\n cop is more than 198 minerals , of which only 17 deprecative assiduity chiefly sulfides , phosphates, silicates , carbonates, sulfates. The briny ore minerals ar copper pyrites CuFeS2, covellite CuS, peacock ore Cu5FeS4, copper glance Cu2S.\n\nOxides : Tenor, cuprite . Carbonates malachite , azurite . Sulfates : lamentable vitriol , brochantite . Sulfides : covellite , chalcocite , copper pyrites , bornite .\n\n gauzy bullshit - malleable, bendable metal red, knock in break , in very thin layers on copper headway looks bluish thousand . These color in ar regular(prenominal) for many of the compounds of copper, understructure argue with both a hearty and in solution.\n\n lumbering the winder at high valency seen from the pursuance two examples:\n\nCuCl - lily-white , Cu2O - red , CuCl2 + piddle - blueness , CuO - gloomy\n\nCarbonates are characterized by blue and green , provided the water capacitance than plan enkindle applicatory theater for searches.\n\n unimagi indigenous grandeur are : native copper sulfides , sulfosalts and carbonates ( silicates)